Kokand Autonomous State, 1917

The Khanate of Kokand, established in 1709, was annexed by Russia in 1883 and became part of Russian Turkestan. After the Russian Revolution the anti-Bolshevik Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkistan (also known as Kokand Autonomy) was proclaimed in December 1917 and the Kokand Autonomous State became independent under Mustafa Chokai-Beg who hoisted a flag of red over dark blue with a white star and crescent in the centre. This lasted until 20 February 1918 when Soviet troops demolished much of Kokand and massacred thousands of its people.