Ottoman Empire, 1882
A Coat of Arms was adopted by the Ottoman Empire in 1882, during the rule of Sultan Hamid II; the “Tuğrâ”, his calligraphic monogram, seal or signature, appears in the green shield at the top. It features a crescent green flag at left (representing the Caliphate) and the red National Flag at right (representing the Sultanate). A variety of weapons and medals completes the design.