Ottoman Albania, 1453
The Ottoman Turks expanded into the Balkans from the 14th Century and the Albanians, united under Skanderbeg, managed to hold them at bay for 24 years, until, after Skanderbeg's death in 1478, they overwhelmed his fortress in Kruja and gradually expanded control over the country. They flew a red banner on which a golden crescent appeared in 1453, the basis of subsequent Turkish flags.